Tehseel

The Book of Fate to See the Revolution of Time – A Trendsetter

2024-08-30T13:30:57+00:00

اردو گرامر میں اقسام کلمہ کا تنقیدی اور تقابلی جائزہ

2024-08-30T13:37:34+00:00

The classification of words, or "Kalima," is fundamental to the structure and comprehension of any language. Precise identification and categorization of these units are critical for grammatical accuracy and effective communication. While languages such as Arabic, English, and Persian have established classifications for parts of speech—consisting of three, eight, and seven categories respectively—Urdu grammar exhibits considerable variability. Urdu linguists propose a diverse range of parts of speech, varying from three to thirteen, which has led to substantial confusion among educators, students, and researchers. This paper seeks to address this issue by standardizing the parts of speech in Urdu. The study begins with a clear definition of essential grammatical terms, including "Sarf" (morphology) and "Kalima" (word). It then conducts a detailed comparative analysis of the parts of speech as delineated in 22 classical and contemporary Urdu grammar texts. By identifying and scrutinizing the inconsistencies present in these texts, this research proposes a standardized framework for the classification of parts of speech in Urdu. The proposed framework aims to resolve existing discrepancies and provide a coherent structure that enhances the clarity and consistency of Urdu grammar for academic and pedagogical purposes.

Keywords: Urdu Grammar, Parts of Speech, Classification of Word, Morphology, Syntax

برّصغیر میں ’مفید ‘ علم کے فروغ کا سرنامہ کلکتہ اسکول-بُک سوسائٹی(۱۸۱۷ء): محرّکاتِ قیام و اثرات

2024-08-30T13:44:25+00:00

Along with the emergence of EIC in Bengal, Calcutta had become a stronghold of ‘colonial enlightenment’ in India. Although EIC’s administration didn’t want to take the responsibility of spreading the education at the grassroots. On the other hand, missionaries from various European missions were very enthusiastic and had a keen concern on this point. That’s why missionaries started to set up the parallel education system in Bengal at the end of the 18th century. They established new schools of different kinds but they had to confront the lack of syllabus books. As a consequence of this process, Calcutta School-Book Society was constituted in 1817 to prepare and print the schools’ syllabus.

This article covers the early history of the Calcutta School-Book Society and holds a special study of this process.

Keywords: Calcutta School-Book Society, Missionaries, Colonial Education in India, ‘Useful’ Knowledge, Colonialism.

احسان اکبر کی نظم کافکری اور فنی سراپا

2024-08-30T13:52:58+00:00

Poetry in general especially in the eastern traditional settings draws a
thin line between art and worldly mundane affairs.Its diction often
offers a new shade of meaning while dealing with sensuousness is
another rich domain of it .Rich in cultural aspects ,Urdu Ghazal may
represent a widespread thought but when we say Urdu Nazm ,it
requires avid reading, experience and global perspective.This research
article discusses the tradition of Urdu Narrative Poem from its very
inception in 20th century with quotations from major poets and their
seminal works but the main part of this research focuses on the poetic
journey, thought pattern,worldview and some unanswered questions of
Ahsaan Akbar's poetry.Researcher also critically analyses the socio
cultural arena of Urdu poetry in the said article..
Keywords: Urdu Narrative poem, social cultural arena, Ahsaan Akbar,
tradition

نفسیاتی کیس ہسٹری پر مبنی منٹو کا افسانہ مس ٹین والا اور منٹو کی نفسیات دانی

2024-08-30T13:57:01+00:00

This paper attempted to analyse Munto's short story "Mis Teen Wala" and to show the similarities of Freud's case studies with it. This paper also to explore his concept of human psychology.

He was familiar with concepts of psychoanalysis, and the similarity of this short story with Freud's case histories suggest that he read them. In his writings he tried to hide that his knowledge is inspired by reading psychological literature. He wanted to present that he gained these insight from his experiences and not form some books.

He had a very one-sided understanding of psychological problems in which there was a simple formula “one problem, one cause, and one solution.” This shows a simple mentality without much complexity.

His interest in psychoanalysis also largely explains the abundance of sexual themes in his short stories. But psychoanalysis focuses not only on the raw form of sex but also its elevated (sublimated) forms that are manifest in all civilization, while Munto's attention in sex remained on the description of its raw and crude sexuality. Perhaps this is also a reflection of lack of understanding of complex psychoanalytic concepts on Munto’s part.

Keywords: Munto, Mis Teen Wala, Freud's case studies, psychology

امیر ؔمینائی کی غیر مطبوعہ رباعیات

2024-09-02T11:22:39+00:00

The name of Ameer Ahmad Ameer Minai needs no introduction in Urdu poetry. He was known as great poet and lexicographer in the history of south Asian literature. He was born in Lucknow in 1829 according to 1244 AH. and died in 1900 according to 1318 AH. He wrote Naat, Qasida, Masnawi, Wasukht, Riddles, Sayings, Salam, Sehre, Tarkeeb-band, Tarjee-band, Qitat, Rubai and chronology, etc. are all included. There are also many rubaiat and historical sections in Amir's published speech. These types of stanzas (quatrains) are somewhat different from each other in terms of structure. In literary terms, a Quatrain (Rubai) is a poem that appears to be in a significant rhythm called Beher (Behr-e-hazaj). In this paper, those unpublished pieces (Rubaies) of Ameer Menai are included which do not fall into the category of history but have a unique position in terms of the diversity of their topics, literature, ethics and knowledge in their pieces.

Key words: Ameer Menai, Rubai, Behr-e-Hazaj, Unpublished. South Asian literature, Lakhnow ،Poet.

Shakespeare’s Cognitive Relativism and Pseudo-Political History

2024-08-30T12:32:06+00:00

Gruesome political intrigues and a moral vacuum, the real cost of any armed conflict, provide the framework for Shakespeare’s concept of history on stage. History plays can be classified as ‘linked productions’ as these ‘make a statement about a destiny for England’ and its people. These plays focus on the element of change in human life rather than on historical accuracy. As far as we travel back and forth in history, we find these plays shaping our inner states within the context of our own historical truths. The sublime in the art of Shakespeare is not, therefore, limited to poetic greatness, psychological insights and linguistic excellence; it is an art of the manifestation of the world as it exists and as it could have existed. Shakespearean art is uniquely ‘divine’ in a social sense. It questions the validity of our existing systems of governance, religious institutions, and concepts of cultural exclusiveness. It sends a warning to all the ‘powerful’ people crawling on the surface of the earth that their perceptions are wrong; in front of cosmic powers they are all vulnerable. Concept of ‘suffering’, consequently, becomes Shakespeare’s Philiosophia Perennis. ‘Perenniality’ in its earthly context is of a cyclical nature communicating the sense of something that subsists continuously. The terrestrial nature of humanity, with change as the only permanent truth of existence, constitutes the basic features of the plays classified as history or pseudo-history. This cycle is observed so intensely that it becomes impossible to ignore its significance as it starts corresponding to the age we live in.

Keyword: Theatrical cognitive relativism; history plays; chronicles; linked productions; psychobiography; metaphysical and socio-political understanding of life; Bosnia and Herzegovina, the story of an Albion; the Punjab; Philiosophia Perennis; the corruption of triumphalism and sobriety of perennial wisdom; Voices of dissent; normative doctrine; the tragicomical malapropism.

Iqbal, the Muslims, and Transcending Imperialism

2024-08-30T12:37:25+00:00

This research paper emphasizes how crucial it is to refute the false narratives that colonial and imperial narratives create, particularly in the case of the Muslims, post 9/11 attacks. It does so by delving into the famous Urdu poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal’s portrayal of Islam, the Muslim identity and the Muslim community in his Urdu poetry. It explores Iqbal’s strategic critique of western imperialism, and his vision of Muslim autonomy. Moreover, the research paper traces Iqbal’s ideological development from a hybrid self to a unified self that eventually made him a supporter of Muslim independence and decolonization which everyone can take inspiration from. The paper attempts to provide a sharp contrast to the kind of representation done by any colonial or postcolonial writer of literature, whose opinions on global matters are mainly influenced by western colonialism or western imperialism. Countering western imperialism’s false narratives is necessary to establish peace and equality in a world flaring with racism, and injustices of all sorts.

Keyword: hybridity, unified self, strategic location, strategic

formation, ambivalence, creolization, exoticization

Unveiling the Veiled: Overcoming Psychographic and Social Barriers to Communication in Shakespeare's Seven Ages with Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory; Exploring Verbal and Nonverbal Challenges

2024-08-30T13:23:00+00:00

Shakespeare's play "As You Like It" and its seven stages of human communication are examined in this essay using Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory. It draws attention to the difficulties people encounter navigating different phases of life, such as the limits they confront due to social, emotional, cognitive, and physical issues. Furthermore, examined in the study is how language and communication patterns alter as people go through different phases of life and how these modifications may impact effective communication. The results imply that Erikson's theory can be a helpful instrument for resolving communication issues in the context of literature and other situations, offering suggestions for enhancing relationships and communication across the lifespan.

Keyword: Verbal, nonverbal, psychographic, social, barriers,

communication, psychosocial development.